Abbreviations .

1.U.S.S.R:Union of socialist              Soviet Republic.

2.N.A.T.O: North Atlantic treaty           organisation. 

3.S.W.A.P.O.:South West African              peoples organaisation.

4.C.C.P.:chinese communist party

5.E.E.C.:European econamic co              operation.

6.E.F.T.A.:European free trade ...  ...         association.

7.N.A.M.: Non allign  movement.   

8.P.L.O.: Palasteena liberal                         organisation.

9.S.T.A.R.T.: Strategic arms                      reduction  treaty.

10.S.A.L.T .:strategic arms limitation        talks.

11.C.E.N.T.O.Central treaty                         organisation.

12.M.E.T.0.:middle East treaty organisation.

13.S.E.A.T.O.:South East Asia treaty organisation.

14.L.T.T.E: Liberation of tamila tigers eelam

U .N.O . ORGANIZATION. Abbreviations.

UNO. UNITED NATIONS ORGANAISATION.

1.U.N.E.S.C.O. :. united nations education and scientific cultural  organisation.
  Est. Nov 4 .1946.
Office :- paris(france)

2.U.N.I.C.E.F.: united nations children's international children's emergency fund.
Est:-1946.
0ffice,,:- newyork

3.I.L.O. International labour organization.
Est,:- april 11.,1919.
Office,  Geneva.( Switzerland).

4.W.H.O. :World health organisation.
Est. Apr: 7,1948
Office.Geneva.

5.W.T.O.: world trade organisation.
Office.Geneva.
Est.   Jan 1,1995.

6.I.B.R.D. : Inter national bank for reconstruction and Development.
 Est 1944 July 22
Office .Washington

7.F.A.O.:. Food and agricultural organisation.
Office . Rome.(Italy)
Est.   Dec14.1946.

8. G.A.T.T.: General agreement on tariff and trade.
1Jan. .1948.

9.U.N C.T.A.D.: United nation conference on Trade and Development.

10.U.N.D.P.:United nation Development programme
Office.  Newyork
Est        Nov 22,1965.

11.C.T.B.T.: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
 It's functions .Sep 10 th 1996.

12.N.P.T.: Nuclear non proliferation Treaty.
It's  function 1970 march .

13.U.D.H.R.: Universal declaration of human rights.
Est 1948  dec 10th.

Coastal plains of india.

Eastern Costal plains.

1.This plain begins from westbengal  ends at Tamilnadu.

2.It has three parts 1.utkal plain in the (north,)2. sircar coast in (central) 

3.Coramandal coast in( southern) 

4.Eastern coastal plain is much broeder than western plain.

5.it has smooth out line.

6.It has Delta's

7.It  contains shifting sand dunes

Western costal plain.

1.This plain begins from Gujarat ends at kerala.

2.It has three parts (northernpart )konkan coast,(central part )Canara coast, (southern part )Malabar coast.

3..western coastal plain is narrower than Eastern coastal  plain.

4..It Dissected out line with many indentation.

5. It has Eustaries.

6..It runs more or less straight

 7.These  plain has abundant rain fall.

8.It contains dunes.

9.This plain begins from Gujarat ends at kerala.

Indian islands.

Island.

Andaman& Nicobar.

There are two groups of island-

1. Andaman ,and Nicobar in the        bay of Bay of Bengal.

2.lakshadweep islands in the              Arabian sea.

Andaman and Nicobar island consist of more than two (247)hundred islands.

Nicobar island are at the south of Andaman islands .

India's only active volcano exists in barren island here.

Southern most point of india is "Indira point.

In andaman and Nicobar island,narkondam and Barren  islands are volcanic  origin.

Lakshadweep:-

1.Lakshdweep consists of thirty       island is in Arabian sea.

2.It has 32 sq kms.                            3.this island is famous for variety      of Flora and fauna.

4. It origin from  coral reefs.

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Coastal plains.

Indian coastal plains.

1.eastern coast.this can be divided into three parts

* Utkal coast.-  Odisha

*Sircar coast.- andhrapradesh

*Coramandal coast.-  

    Tamilnadu.

West coast .

This coast can be divided into three.that is

* Koramandalcoast.-  Maharashtra,  goa.

*Canara coast.-karnataka

*Malabar coast - kerala.  

Western coastal plains.

It is narrow in border.
It has dissected outline with many indentation.
It has eustaries.
It has abundant rain fall 200 cms above.
It contains dunes,and stretches of saline soils.

Eastern costal plains

It has wide border.
It has smooth out line.
It has Deltas.
It contains shifting sand dunes.

Ghats

Eastern ghats.

1.These are situated at the west        to   Deccan plateau.

2.These are the birth place of              major peninsular rivers .Like        godavari and krishna.

3.Anaimudi is  the highest peak.

4.These are extended from                 Mahanadi valley to nilagiri              hills.

Western ghats.

1.These are lie parrall to the              West coast.

2.It's length is 1600kms.

3.Available famous hill stations         like ooty ,dodabetta,.

4.It has a few passes.

Important terms

Main terms.

Perinial river : Rivers which flow through out the year. ex. ganga,sindhu,       Brahmaputra.

.Dun : The valleys laying between the lesser Himalayas and shiva lik ranges are called as duns.

Leeward :-The side of prominence as a hill that sheltered from the wind.

G.M.T.: green which mean time.

I.S.T.   :Indian standard time.

Important incident s in history

IMPORTANT  (DATES)& YEARS.

1.first world war.        :1914
2.Russian revolution:. 1917
3.first world war end.:1918
4.varsailles pact            :1919
5.league of nation.:.     1919
6.Hitler impact in.Germany.                                                     1933
7.2nd world war.  :.       1939.
8.United Nation s        organization (U.N.O ).  1945.

Organised & unorganized sectors.

#:  వ్యవస్టీకృత రంగం:- కొన్ని క్రమబద్ధమైన        ప్రక్రియలు,విదానాలు వుండి నిర్వచనీయమైన పద్దతిలో ఉత్పత్తి ఉపాధి కల్పన లున్న రంగం  Ex,. భారీపరిశ్రమలు.

# :  అవ్యవస్టీకృత రంగం:- ఉద్యోగాలుకాని,జీతాల స్టాయీ లో కానీ ఒక నియమిత పద్దతి లేని కార్మికులు కర్షకులు ఉండే చిన్న చిన్న సంస్థలును అవ్యవస్తీకృత రంగం అంటారు.ex:చేతిపనులు,చేనేత, బీడీలు,తయారీ.

నిరుద్యోగం:- అమలులో నున్నవేతనాలకుకు పని చేయడానికి  ఇష్ట పడ్డ పని లభించని స్థితి ..

ఉత్పత్తి, ఉపాది

స్థూలజాతీయ ఉత్పత్తి : - దేశ ఆదాయాన్ని లెక్క కట్ట టానికి దేశంలో ఉత్పత్తి అయ్యే మొత్తం వస్తువులు సేవలు విలువను తీసుకుంటాం 

ఒక దేశంలోఒక సంవత్సరం లో ఉత్పత్తి చేసిన అన్ని అంతిమ వస్తువుల సేవల విలువయే స్తూల జాతీయ ఉత్పత్తి.

అంత్యవస్తువులు :-  ఉత్పతి ప్రక్రియ లో పూర్తిగా తయారు కాబడి అంతిమ వినియోగానికి  సిద్దంగా ఉన్నవస్తువుల ను అంతిమ వస్తువులు అంటారు.

ఉపాధి బదిలీ  :-- ఒక రంగంలో అల్ప ఉపాధి ని పొందుతున్న వారిని ఇతర రం గాలకు మారచడాన్ని ఉపాధి బదిలీ అంటారు.

1. India Relief and features

Major  relief divisions

1.THE HIMALAYAS

2.THE INDO GANGETIC PLAINS

3.THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU

4.THE COASTAL PLAINS

5.THE DESERT

6.THE ISLANDS.

division of himalayas

1.Greater himalayas (Himadri) -Glaciers

2.Lesser himalayas [valleys,&hillstations]

3.Shivaliks [famous dunes]

 discription of himalayas

☆》 Thehimalayas  ranges run in the west to east direction(  from jammu kashimir to arunachal pradesh)

The Thar Desert

The Thar Desert.

It is located on the leeward side of raavali and receive low amount of rain fall.
Rain fall range from 100mm to 150mm.

: It occupies much of western Rajastan

This desert has an arid climate

It has low vegetation region.

Luni is the only river in this region

The indo Gangatic plain 

The three Himalayas rivers Indus,ganga, and Brahmaputra and their tributaries resulted the formation of great northern plain.

This plain consist of three divisions.

1.The western part

2.The central part

3.The eastern  part

The Western part,  :-.    it was formed by the Indus and it's tributaries The Jhelum, The chenab,The Ravi TheBeas,and the sutlej.

In this region the Down features dominate the fertile land between the two rivers.

The central part:-. It is known as the ganga plain 

It extends from the river ghargger to teesta .

The eastern part:-. It is mostly in Brahmaputra valley of and the river brahmaputra is responsible for its formation.

Indian peninsular plateau.

The peninsular plateau.

The indian plateau is also known as the peninsular plateau it is surrounded by the sea on three sides.

#.It consists of two divisions  such         as central high lands (malwa            plateau ) the Deccan plateau.

#. Peninsular plateaus consists             old crystalline,hard igneous             and metamorphic rock.

      It has rich mineral sources.

#.   Malwa plateau on the western         side and towards the east .               There is chota nagapur                     plateau 

#.    Deccan plateau Peninsular               plateau lying to the south of             narmada ,a triangular land mass is called Deccan plateau.

          India relief features భారతదేశ భౌతిక  అమరిక

Major relief divisions

1.THE HIMALAYAS హిమాలయాలు

2.THE INDO GANGETIC PLAIN          గంగా  సింధూ మైదానం

3.THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU దీపకల్ప పీఠ భూమి

4.THE COASTAL PLAINS తీరమైధానాలు

5.THE DESERT ఎడారులు

6.THE ISLANDS. ద్వీ పాలు

DIVISION OF HIMALAYAS.హిమాలయా భాగాలు

1》 GREATER HIMALAYAS హిమాద్రి పర్వత శ్రేణి
                    (OR)  
      HIMADRI.    > glaciers.

2.LESSER HIMALAYAS    నిమ్నహిమాలయాలుvalleys,hill stations.

3.SHIVALIKS  >  శివాలిక్ famous dunes.

discription of himalayas  హిమాలయాలు వివరణ
The Himalayas ranges run in the West east direction 
From Jammu kashmir to arunachal Pradesh distance of  about 2400 kms

Greater Himalayas consisting of the highest peak with an average elevation of about 6100 kms.

This region has glaciers
Glaciers are the sources for the perinial rivers.

 Lesser Himalayas are mainly composed of highly compressed rocks .
This ranges  hight  3700 to4500 mts.
The Mahabarata and pirpanjal are  important ranges in this region.

Famous valleys of kashmir  the kangra and kulu .

Famous hill stations like shimla Mussourie,nainital, raniket. Etc

Shivaliks range from 900 to1100 mts.
These ranges are called by different names in different regions Jammu hills in Jammu ,mishmi hills in arunachal pradesh.,cachar in assom.